It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

Ghislain Dubois  Benjamin Sovacool  Carlo Aall  Maria Nilsson  Carine Barbier  Alina Herrmann  Sébastien Bruyère  Camilla Andersson  Bore Skold  Franck Nadaud  Florian Dorner  Karen Richardsen Moberg  Jean Paul Ceron  Helen Fischer  Dorothee Amelung  Marta Baltruszewicz  Jeremy Fischer  Françoise Benevise  Rainer Sauerborn 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2013

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

The volcanic acidification of glacial Lake Caviahue,Province of Neuquen,Argentina     

Johan C. Varekamp 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Lake Caviahue (northern Patagonia, Argentina) is a large glacial lake acidified by volcanic fluids from Copahue volcano. The lake and the feeding rivers were sampled annually from 1997 till early 2006, including the eruptive period of 2000. Lake Caviahue waters evolved over time, with the most concentrated waters in 2000 during the eruptive period, followed by gradual dilution that was interrupted by renewed acidification in 2003–2004. Inversion of the lake water data and application of a dynamic non-steady state model for the lake provides our best quantitative estimates for the variation in element fluxes over the 9-year period. The model flux results agree well with most of the measured fluxes. The Copahue hydrothermal system had gently declining element fluxes between 1997 and mid-1999, although the lake was still becoming more concentrated. About 2–3 months before the 2000 eruption, element fluxes increased strongly, but the hydrothermal fluxes almost shutoff directly after the main eruptive events. The fluxes of several elements recovered post-2001, with an increase in element fluxes in 2003–2004; the lake became more dilute between 2004 and 2006. The intrusion of new magma into the hydrothermal system just prior to the 2000 eruption led to enhanced water rock interaction, with higher concentrations of the rock forming elements in the fluids, and the hot spring flow rate increased as a result of the higher pressure in the reservoir. The fluids became saturated in alunite and jarosite, and they were already saturated with anhydrite. Precipitation of these minerals possibly led to a decreased permeability of the hydrothermal reservoir, leading to the strongly reduced element fluxes just after the eruption. In addition, K, Al and S were retained in the newly precipitated minerals as well, further diminishing their export. The acidification in 2003–2004 may have resulted from a new small intrusion of magma or resulted from seismic activity that created new permeability and fresh rock surfaces for water rock interaction. The volcano is a significant source of toxic trace elements such as F, As, B and Li as well as a nutrient (P) for the local watershed. Monitoring of the hydrothermal fluids in the river that drains Copahue, especially the S/Cl, Mg/Cl and Mg/K values as well as the magnitude of the element fluxes would provide the best information for eruption forecasting for this volcano.  相似文献   

Rare earth elements in sediments of the Vigo Ria,NW Iberian Peninsula     

Ricardo Prego  Miguel Caetano  Carlos Vale  Judith Marmolejo-Rodríguez 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

The abundance and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) and their signatures in the Vigo Ria were studied from 50 samples of surface sediments and related to the geological formation in its watershed. The total amount of REE in the Ria is heterogeneous. It ranges from 220 mg kg⁻¹ in the southern middle Ria margin in the vicinity of the Galiñeiro geological shore complex, which contains REE-enriched minerals, to 2 mg kg⁻¹ near the Ria mouth due to dilution with high levels of carbonated biogenic particles (31% of Ca). Rare earth elements of the Ria sediments are considerably enriched in light-REE relative to heavy-REE (a LREE/HREE ratio of 9.7±1.6) and also show a slightly negative Eu-anomaly. Low European shale normalised REE patterns were distinguished in the innermost sediments of Vigo Ria, but were not correlated with Al. This suggests a minor contribution of REE from upstream freshwater inputs to the sediments in the middle Vigo Ria zone. Normalised REE ratios in the middle Ria imply that fine particles enriched in REE may be exported from the Ria to shelf mud patches and REE can be useful as sediment tracers of Ria input on the shelf.  相似文献   

天然热释光技术在南海东部表层沉积物油气潜力勘查中的应用     

卢冰  张富元  章伟艳  潘建明  金海燕  吴必豪 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2005,25(3):103-112

应用热释光技术对南海东部海域(13.00°~22.00°N、117.00°~119°30′E)42个站位的表层沉积物样品进行分析测量,结合气烃组合指标C1/(C2+C3)及甲烷碳同位素判别地表气烃的成因类型,并有效指示了海底深部油气藏散失引起的放射性异常,研究还发现热释光在不同沉积粒径中的测试剂量不同,结果为黏土质粉砂大于砂质粉砂;热释光也与部分化学元素含量有关,与稀土金属Nb、金属元素Zr呈显著正相关,与微量元素S、Ba呈负相关;天然热释光还与不同区块的沉积物酸解气烃甲烷、丙烷、异丁烷呈强烈正相关。数理统计分析结果表明沉积物的热释光和气烃的异常值完全吻合。  相似文献   

中国第二次北极科学考察路线上温室气体瓶采样结果分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张东启  徐建中  汤洁  温民 《冰川冻土》2006,28(3):319-323

用气相色谱和非红外色散分析方法,分析了中国第二次北极科学考察路线上采集到的气体样品中温室气体(CO₂和CH₄)的浓度,对不同纬度带上CO₂和CH₄平均浓度变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:海洋表面不同纬度带上CO₂的浓度呈现出随纬度升高而减小的趋势,这与全球范围内CO₂的年平均浓度的地理分布特征相反,显示了海洋对CO₂气体的吸收作用.45°N以北的海洋表面,CH₄浓度有随纬度升高而增大的趋势,这与全球范围内CH₄的年平均浓度的地理分布特征相同;中纬度近海岸地区温室气体浓度变化无明显规律,可能受到区域或局地气团的影响较大.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

《沉积学报》2000,18(4)

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1％～36.2％,而干气的N2含量则低于10％,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武－奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。  相似文献   

中国能源领域温室气体排放现状及减排对策研究   总被引：23，自引：5，他引：18  

齐玉春  董云社 《地理科学》2004,24(5):528-534

自工业革命以来,随着化石燃料的广泛应用,能源领域的温室气体排放逐渐成为其主要的人为排放源,能源、环境和经济发展之间的矛盾也日益成为各国政府共同关注的焦点。如何有效地进行能源活动中温室气体的减排已经成为涉及环境、经济、政治、外交等多方面的全球性科学问题。文章对中国能源开发利用现状和主要温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)能源排放源进行了简要分析,并对适合中国国情的温室气体减排与能源可持续开发与利用"双赢",实现"发展型减排"的有效途径进行了初步的探讨。  相似文献   

Does I = PAT Work in Local Places?     

Jennifer L. DeHart  Peter T. Soul 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(1):1-10

An aspect of global change currently not well understood is how processes operating on spatial scales finer than those used in recent global circulation models (GCMs) contribute to changes in atmospheric composition and the subsequent changes in climate. We use the ‘IPAT’ formulation as a framework to test relationships among social driving forces and user group greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in northwestern North Carolina. Using regression, correlation, and bivariate mapping to examine relationships between a suite of socioeconomic variables and GHG emissions for the residential, commercial/industrial, and agricultural end‐user categories, we find that various measures of population and affluence serve equally well as explanatory variables.  相似文献   

An Intercomparison of NO2 and OClO Measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica during Austral Spring 1996   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

R. W. Sanders  S. Solomon  K. Kreher  P. V. Johnston 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,33(3):283-298

For several years NO2 and OClO, two species important to understanding ozone destruction in the Antarctic stratosphere, have been measured at Arrival Heights, Antarctica by two groups: New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Using data independently collected by these two groups during the Austral spring of 1996, it is shown that the two data sets are in extremely close agreement. Besides offering validation of the instrumentation and analysis techniques of both groups, this result provides confidence in the more complete history of these species gained by combining the two data sets.  相似文献   

热带风暴过程中珊瑚礁坪示踪砂运移的现场实验研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

刘新安  崔金瑞  王文海  杨玉娣 《海洋与湖沼》1999,30(3):315-320

１９９５年１０月在小东海珊瑚礁海岸的礁坪上进行了示踪砂运动的现场实验。本次实验对浪,流以及示踪砂采样作了同步观测。根据所获的实验数据,分析在９５１６号热带风暴天气过程礁坪上示踪砂运移的基本规律。在一级近似下,测定并计算了泥沙在波生流作用下的漂移速度与流速比因子０．００２,混合深度小于２ｃｍ。这一结果与其它已往结果相比明显小得多。  相似文献